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OU Physics Graduate at CERN Conference

OU Physics Graduate at CERN Conference

Scientists from all over the world got together this summer at POSMOL 2025, an International Workshop on Low-Energy Positron, Positronium Physics, Electron-Molecule Collisions and Swarms.

Dr. April Cridland Mathad, a research scientist at CERN, gave a talk about producing antihydrogen, the antimatter counterpart of hydrogen. Hydrogen is made of an electron and a proton, and antihydogen of an antiproton and a positron. April (standing on the right in the picture) studied Physics at the OU and a Masters degree and a PhD at Sussex University. At CERN, she is part of the ALPHA collaboration, working with antihydrogen to test fundamental symmetries between matter and antimatter. You can learn a bit more about April here: https://imascientist.org.uk/profile/aprilcridland/

April was not the only former OU student giving a talk at the meeting: Dr Daniel Bou-Debes (standing on the left in the picture), a former PhD student in the School of Physical Sciences and now a post-doctoral researcher in the School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, also gave a talk. He described improvements to the Electron Momentum Spectroscopy experiment in Dr. Kate Nixon’s lab.

OU researchers find Saturn’s radiation can form molecules for life on its icy moon

OU researchers find Saturn’s radiation can form molecules for life on its icy moon

Scientists from the OU have helped find that organic molecules found in plumes from Saturn’s icy moon Enceladus could be formed by radiation on the moon’s surface, not just in its hidden ocean. 

Enceladus, is covered in ice and famous for giant geyser-like plumes that shoot water, dust and ice into space. These plumes have been found to contain organic molecules, which are the building blocks for life. Many of these molecules are thought to come from Enceladus’s subsurface ocean, but the new study shows that some could also form on the surface or in the plumes themselves.  

The new research recreated Enceladus’ icy surface in the lab. The scientists mixed water, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia ices and then bombarded them with charged particles to mimic radiation from Saturn. The experiments showed that this radiation alone can quickly create a range of organic molecules, including some that are important for forming amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Some of these reactions happened over just a few days, and similar chemistry could even happen in the plumes themselves. 

Grace Richards, lead author of the study, said: “While the identification of complex organic molecules in Enceladus’ environment remains an important clue in assessing the moon’s habitability, the results demonstrate that radiation-driven chemistry on the surface and in the plumes could also create these molecules.” 

The study was part of Grace Richards’s OU doctoral research, and much of the experimental work was carried out during a research placement funded by Europlanet. The OU’s Dr Vic PearsonProfessor Manish PatelDr Simon Sheridan, and Professor Geraint (Taff) Morgan also contributed to the study. 

The findings suggest that Enceladus’ surface and plumes may act as chemical factories, creating complex organic molecules. This has important implications for how scientists interpret the plumes and for planning future missions that search for signs of life beyond Earth. 

Grace Richards is presenting the work at the Europlanet Society’s annual conference this week. The full research paper is available here: Water-group ion irradiation studies of Enceladus ice analogues: Can radiolysis account for material in and around the south polar plume? 

New Clues from Asteroid Ryugu reveal how Earth became a habitable planet

New Clues from Asteroid Ryugu reveal how Earth became a habitable planet

Open University scientists Professor Ian Franchi and Dr Richard Greenwood have played a key role in new research that reveals clues about how Earth became a planet capable of supporting life.

The study, published in Nature Astronomy, reveals that phosphorus-rich compounds discovered in samples from Asteroid Ryugu could have played a vital role in making Earth habitable.

Earth formed in the dry, inner Solar System, close to the intense heat of the Sun, which raises the question of how it gained its water and other essential ingredients for life.

This latest discovery is based on samples collected from Ryugu, a primitive carbon-rich asteroid, by the Japanese Space Agency’s (JAXA) Hayabusa2 mission, which returned to Earth in 2020.

These rare samples provide a snapshot of the earliest materials formed in the Solar System, offering scientists a unique opportunity to explore how our planet developed its life-supporting characteristics.

The study was led by Cedric Pilorget from the University of Paris-Saclay, with support from a team of researchers, including key contributors from The Open University (OU).

Unlocking the secrets of Ryugu’s grains

Asteroids like Ryugu are thought to be remnants from the formation of the Solar System, almost 4.6 billion years ago. The pristine condition of Ryugu’s material – untouched by Earth’s environment – has allowed scientists to closely examine it in laboratory conditions.

The research team identified phosphorus and nitrogen-rich compounds, which have a relatively high solubility in water, within the Ryugu asteroid samples.

These compounds are known as hydrated ammonium, magnesium, and phosphorus-rich (HAMP) grains and are important because they could dissolve in early Earth’s water reservoirs. Unlike more common phosphate compounds that are less soluble and unable to contribute to the development of life, the HAMP grains could have released vital nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen into Earth’s oceans, creating the right conditions for life to emerge.

Dr Richard Greenwood, Senior Research Fellow at the Open University, explained the significance of the findings:

“Our study reveals how the building blocks of life were likely transported from the outer Solar System to Earth. Material returned from primitive asteroids like Ryugu is providing new insights into how our home planet was transformed from a barren, inhospitable world to a water-rich oasis, containing all the ingredients needed for life to emerge.”

A key discovery for understanding Earth’s origins

The discovery of HAMP grains suggests that the material in the Ryugu asteroid likely formed in the outer Solar System, far from its current location. This supports the idea that water-bearing asteroids like Ryugu may have been responsible for delivering water and essential nutrients to Earth in its early history.

Nine Minds: Narrating Neurodivergent Experience’: a guest lecture by Daniel

Nine Minds: Narrating Neurodivergent Experience’: a guest lecture by Daniel